On Dec. 7, 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) released its “Guideline for Non-Surgical Management of Chronic Primary Low Back Pain in Adults in Primary and Community Care Settings.” The purpose of this 244-page document is to provide evidence-based recommendations on nonsurgical interventions for chronic primary low back pain (LBP) in adults that will improve outcomes.
World Health Organization Guideline: Yes to Chiropractic; No to Most Drugs
Among the interventions recommended by the guideline is “spinal manipulative therapy,” a category that includes chiropractic treatment. This is recommended for all adults, including older adults. The guideline reviews both the benefits and the harms of nonsurgical interventions in the management of chronic primary LBP. Apart from spinal manipulative therapy, the guideline also recommends structured exercise, acupuncture, massage, NSAIDs, and topical cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens).
However, NSAIDs continue to be the only recommended pharmacotherapy. The guideline discourages the use of opioids, antidepressants (tricyclic, serotonin, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors), skeletal muscle relaxants, injectable local anesthetics, and pharmacological weight-loss medications.
Acetaminophen, benzodiazepines, and cannabis-related pharmaceutical preparations received “no recommendation,” while listing potential harmful effects. These include cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal harms and increased mortality risk for acetaminophen; potential harms including memory impairment, misuse, overdose deaths from respiratory depression, somnolence, fatigue and light-headedness potentially leading to falls for benzodiazepines; and evidence of possible adverse events, including harms associated with its nonmedicinal use for cannabis-related pharmaceutical preparations.
Chiropractic Representation
The chiropractic profession was represented by several noted DCs in all aspects of development and review. The Guideline Development Group included Dr. Jan Hartvigsen and Dr. Geoffrey Outerbridge. The External Review Group included Dr. Pierre Côté and Dr. Scott
Haldeman. WFC Research Committee Chair Dr. Sidney Rubinstein led one of the eight systematic review teams, with Dr. Silvano Mior as a member of another team.
While the WHO guideline was discipline neutral, it is designed to be used by clinical staff including medical doctors, nurses, allied health workers including chiropractors, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, psychologists, and community health workers, as well as public health program and system managers.
Implications for Chiropractic Practice
Within the short list of recommended interventions, most chiropractors can provide at least three: spinal manipulation, structured exercise, and massage. Thus, it is not hard to conclude that doctors of chiropractic should be the first choice when it comes to chronic low-back pain management.
This guideline will be of particular benefit to World Federation of Chiropractic (WFC) national association members in their efforts to establish and strengthen chiropractic licensure and regulation worldwide.
What remains to be seen in the U.S. is for those involved in the medical management of chronic primary LBP to finally concede that the preponderance of evidence and guideline recommendations require a referral to a DC upon patient presentation. How many more guidelines are required to change the current referral behavior common in most healthcare organizations?
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